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Microsoft Windows
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"Windows" redirects here. For the part of a building, see Window. For other uses, see Windows (disambiguation). This article may need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (September 2010)

Microsoft Windows

The latest Windows release, Windows 7, showing the desktop and Start menu
Company / developer Microsoft
Programmed in C, C++, Assembly[1]
OS family MS-DOS/Windows 9x-based, Windows CE, Windows NT
Working state Publicly released
Source model Closed source / Shared source
Initial release November 20, 1985 (as Windows 1.0)
Latest stable release Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2
NT 6.1 Build 7600 (7600.16385.090713-1255) (October 22, 2009; 10 months ago) [+/−]
Latest unstable release Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 Beta 1
NT 6.1 Build 7601 (7601.16562.100603-1800) (June 3, 2010; 3 months ago) [+/−]
Marketing target Personal computing
Available language(s) Multilingual
Update method Windows Update
Supported platforms IA-32, x86-64
Kernel type Hybrid
Default user interface Graphical (Windows Explorer)
License MS-EULA
Official website Official Website


Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[2] Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet.[3][4][5] The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone 7.Contents [hide]
1 Versions
1.1 Early versions
1.2 Windows 3.0 and 3.1
1.3 Windows 95, 98, and Me
1.4 Windows NT family
1.4.1 64-bit operating systems
1.5 Windows CE
1.6 Future of Windows
2 History
3 Timeline of releases
4 Security
4.1 File permissions
4.2 Windows Defender
4.3 Third-party analysis
5 Emulation software
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

[edit]
Versions
See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:
[edit]
Early versions
Main articles: Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1x

Windows 1.0, the first version, released in 1985

The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when the project named "Interface Manager" was started. DOS It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[6] The shell of Windows 1.0 was a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Other supplied programs were Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal, and Write. Windows 1.0 did not allow overlapping windows, due to Apple Computer owning this feature.[citation needed] Instead all windows were tiled. Only dialog boxes could appear over other windows.

Windows 2.0 was released in October 1987 and featured several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[6] Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to overlap each other and also introduced more sophisticated keyboard-shortcuts. It could also make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different flavors: Windows/386 employed the 386 virtual 8086 mode to multitask several DOS programs, and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286 (which, despite its name, would run on the 8086) still ran in real mode, but could make use of the high memory area.

The early versions of Windows were often thought of as simply graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[7] However, even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control, typically waiting for user input.[citation needed]
Windows OS market shareSource Net Market Share[8] Webmasterpro[9] W3Counter[10] W3Schools[11] StatCounter[12]
Date August 2010 August 2010 August 2010 August 2010 August 2010
All versions 91.25% 91.4% 82% 87.6% 92.49%
Windows XP 60.89% 46.9% 46.29% 53.1% 55.38%
Windows 7 15.87% 22% 18.37% 22.3% 19.43%
Windows Vista 14% 20.7% 15.95% 10.5% 17.68%
Windows Server 2003 — 0.8% 1.09% 1.3% —
Windows 2000 0.4% 0.9% 0.3% 0.4% —
Windows 98 0.06% 0.1% — — —
Windows Me 0.03% — — — —

[edit]
Windows 3.0 and 3.1
Main articles: Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990

Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.[citation needed] Also, Windows applications could now run in protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into [[Assembly language|assembly{
[edit]
Windows 95, 98, and Me
Main articles: Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me

Windows 95, released in 1995

Windows 95 was released in August 1995, featuring a new user interface, support for long file names of up to 255 characters, and the ability to automatically detect and configure installed hardware (plug and play). It could natively run 32-bit applications, and featured several technological improvements that increased its stability over Windows 3.1. There were several OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack.

Microsoft's next release was Windows 98 in June 1998. Microsoft released a second version of Windows 98 in May 1999, named Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE).

In September 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Me standing for Millennium Edition), which updated the core from Windows 98 but adopted some aspects of Windows 2000 and removed the "boot in DOS mode" option. It also added a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.
[edit]
Windows NT family
Main article: Windows NT

The NT family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use. The first release was NT 3.1 (1993), numbered "3.1" to match the consumer Windows version, which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996), and Windows 2000 (2000). 2000 is the last NT-based Windows release which does not include Microsoft Product Activation. NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface (and the first to include Windows 95’s built-in 32-bit runtimes).

Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems with Windows XP, coming in both home and professional versions (and later niche market versions for tablet PCs and media centers); they also diverged release schedules for server operating systems. Windows Server 2003, released a year and a half after Windows XP, brought Windows Server up to date with MS Windows XP. After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released toward the end of 2006, and its server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008. On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing). Windows 7 was released on October 22, 2009.
[edit]
64-bit operating systems

Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 variously supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, some of which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (also known as IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support the x86-64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. Windows Vista is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in x86 and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008, in both Itanium and x64 editions. Windows Server 2008 R2 drops the 32-bit version, although Windows 7 does not.
[edit]
Windows CE

The latest upcoming version of Windows CE, Windows Embedded Compact 7, displaying a possible UI for what the media player can look like.

Microsoft Windows CE 5.0
Main article: Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE is the core from which Windows Mobile is derived. Microsoft's latest upcoming version of their mobile OS, Windows Phone 7, is based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and the upcoming Windows CE 7.0.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.
[edit]
Future of Windows

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, is currently in development.
[edit]
History
Main article: History of Microsoft Windows

The Windows family tree.

Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in its operating systems. One route has been for the home user and the other has been for the professional IT user. The dual routes have generally led to home versions having greater multimedia support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions having inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.[citation needed]

The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple’s own operating system.[citation needed] Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November, 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[13][14]

Microsoft Windows 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[15][16] It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities. It received a facelift in Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992. Windows 3.1 support ended on December 31, 2001.[17]

In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking.[citation needed]. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.

On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new, and major, consumer version that made further changes to the user interface, and also used preemptive multitasking. Windows 95 was designed to replace not only Windows 3.1, but also Windows for Workgroups, and MS-DOS. It was also the first Windows operating system to use Plug and Play capabilities. The changes Windows 95 brought to the desktop were revolutionary, as opposed to evolutionary, such as those in Windows 98 and Windows Me. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[18]

The next in the consumer line was Microsoft Windows 98 released on June 25, 1998. It was followed with the release of Windows 98 Second Edition (98SE) in 1999. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002 and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[19]

As part of its "professional" line, Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000. During 2004 part of the Source Code for Windows 2000 was leaked onto the internet. This was bad for Microsoft as the same kernel used in Windows 2000 was used in Windows XP. The consumer version following Windows 98 was Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition). Released in September 2000, Windows Me implemented a number of new technologies for Microsoft: most notably publicized was "Universal Plug and Play". Windows Me was heavily criticized due to slowness, freezes and hardware problems.

In October 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, a version built on the Windows NT kernel that also retained the consumer-oriented usability of Windows 95 and its successors. This new version was widely praised in computer magazines.[20] It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,[21] with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.[22]

In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.

On January 30, 2007 Microsoft released Windows Vista. It contains a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It is available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism.
[edit]
Timeline of releases
Main article: Timeline of Microsoft Windows[show]
Timeline of releases

Windows timeline [show]
[edit]
Security

Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset.[30] However, Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[31]

These design issues combined with programming errors (e.g. buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier’s Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.[32] In 2005, Kaspersky Lab found around 11,000 malicious programs—viruses, Trojans, back-doors, and exploits written for Windows.[33]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[34] In versions of Windows after and including Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.[35]

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, they had no concept of access privileges, and did not allow concurrent access; and so were not true multi-user operating systems. In addition, they implemented only partial memory protection. They were accordingly widely criticised for lack of security.

The Windows NT series of operating systems, by contrast, are true multi-user, and implement absolute memory protection. However, a lot of the advantages of being a true multi-user operating system were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the first user account created during the setup process was an administrator account, which was also the default for new accounts. Though Windows XP did have limited accounts, the majority of home users did not change to an account type with fewer rights – partially due to the number of programs which unnecessarily required administrator rights – and so most home users ran as administrator all the time.

Windows Vista changes this[36] by introducing a privilege elevation system called User Account Control. When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows Shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[37]
[edit]
File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGLP (Accounts, Global, Local, Permissions) AGDLP which in essence where file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directory to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.
[edit]
Windows Defender

On January 6, 2005, Microsoft released a Beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On February 14, 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of Beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista and 7.[38]
[edit]
Third-party analysis

In an article based on a report by Symantec,[39] internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."[40]

A study conducted by Kevin Mitnick and marketing communications firm Avantgarde in 2004 found that an unprotected and unpatched Windows XP system with Service Pack 1 lasted only 4 minutes on the Internet before it was compromised, and an unprotected and also unpatched Windows Server 2003 system was compromised after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.[41] However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP.[citation needed] The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.[42] Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.[43]
[edit]
Emulation software

Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:
Wine — a free and open source software implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including Linux and Mac OS X. Wine developers refer to it as a "compatibility layer";[44] and make use of Windows-style APIs to emulate the Windows environment.
CrossOver — A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
Cedega — TransGaming Technologies' proprietary fork of Wine, designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under Linux. A version of Cedega known as Cider is used by some video game publishers to allow Windows games to run on Mac OS X. Since wine was licensed under the LGPL Cedega has been unable to port the improvements made to wine to their proprietary codebase.
Darwine — A bundling of Wine to the PowerPC Macs running OS X by running wine on top of QEMU. Intel Macs use the same Wine as other *NIX x86 systems.
ReactOS — An open-source OS that is intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows XP and Vista/7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.
[edit]
See also Microsoft portal


General:
Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line
List of Microsoft Windows components
Criticism of Microsoft Windows
Comparison of operating systems
Comparison of Windows and Linux
Comparison of Windows versions
List of operating systems
Market share of operating systems
Wintel
[edit]
References
^ Microsoft Windows System Overview
^ "The Unusual History of Microsoft Windows". Retrieved 2007-04-22.
^ "Global Web Stats". W3Counter, Awio Web Services. September 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ "Operating System Market Share". Net Applications. October 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ "Top 5 Operating Systems on Oct 09". StatCounter. October 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ a b Petzold
^ "Windows Evolution". Soft32.com News.
^ "Net Applications Operating System Market Share". Net Market Share. August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "Webanalyse - Betriebssysteme und Geräte" (in German). Webmasterpro. 21 September 2010.
^ "Global Web Stats". W3Counter. August 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ "OS Platform Statistics". W3Schools. August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "StatCounter Global Stats". StatCounter. August 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI Lawsuit". 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-12
^ "Apple Computer, Inc. v. MicroSoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994)". Retrieved 2008-03-12
^ "Chronology of Personal Computer Software".
^ "Microsoft Company".
^ Windows 3.1 Standard Edition Support Lifecycle
^ Windows 95 Support Lifecycle
^ Windows 98 Standard Edition Support Lifecycle
^ Your top Windows XP questions answered! (Part One)
^ Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows: A Look at Freestyle and Mira
^ Windows XP Professional Lifecycle Support
^ "Windows 95 Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. 2001. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ "Windows NT Embedded 4.0 Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. 2005. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ "Windows 98 Standard Edition Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ "Windows 98 Second Edition Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ "Windows 2000 Professional Edition Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. May 4, 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
^ "Windows 98 Second Edition Support Lifecycle". Microsoft. 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ "Microsoft Delivers New Wave of Technologies to Help Businesses Thrive in Today’s Economy". Microsoft. 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
^ Multi-user memory protection was not introduced until Windows NT and XP, and a computer's default user was an administrator until Windows Vista. Source: UAC msdn
^ "Telephones and Internet Users by Country, 1990 and 2005". Information Please Database. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
^ Schneier, Bruce (2005-06-15). "Crypto-Gram Newsletter". Counterpane Internet Security, Inc.. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
^ Patrizio, Andy (April 2006). "Linux Malware On The Rise". Retrieved 2008-03-08.
^ Naraine, Ryan (2005-06-08). "Microsoft's Security Response Center: How Little Patches Are Made". eWeek. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
^ Foley, John (2004-10-20). "Windows XP SP2 Distribution Surpasses 100 Million". InformationWeek. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
^ Microsoft describes in detail the steps taken to combat this in a TechNet bulletin. [1]
^ Kenny Kerr (2006-09-29). "Windows Vista for Developers – Part 4 – User Account Control". Retrieved 2007-03-15.
^ "Windows Vista: Features". MicroSoft. Retrieved 2006-07-20.
^ "Symantec 11th Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July–December 6".
^ "Report Says Windows Gets The Fastest Repairs".
^ "Automated "Bots" Overtake PCs Without Firewalls Within 4 Minutes". Avant Garde.
^ "Safety Study" (PDF). Stay Safe Online. Archived from the original on 2005-11-02.
^ 5 Steps to Securing Your Windows XP Home Computer
^ "Wine".
[edit]
External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Basic Computing Using Windows

Official Microsoft Windows Website
Microsoft Developer Network
Microsoft Windows History Timeline
Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows[show]
v • d • e
Microsoft Windows family

[show]
v • d • e
Operating systems by Microsoft

[show]
v • d • e
Microsoft

[show]
v • d • e
Microsoft Windows components

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v • d • e
Operating system



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Hot hot hot news - Youtube wikipedia

YouTube
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

YouTube, LLC
Type Subsidiary, limited liability company
Founded February 2005
Founder Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim
Headquarters 901 Cherry Ave, San Bruno, California, United States
Area served Worldwide
Key people Chad Hurley (CEO)
Steve Chen (CTO)
Jawed Karim (Advisor)
Owner YouTube LLC (2005–2006)
Google Inc. (2006–present)
Slogan Broadcast Yourself
Website YouTube.com
(see list of localized domain names)
Alexa rank ▬ 3 (July 2010)[1]
Type of site video hosting service
Advertising Google AdSense
Registration Optional
Available in 29 languages are available through the user interface[2]
Launched February 14, 2005
Current status Active
Screenshot[show]


YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. Three former PayPal employees created YouTube in February 2005.[3] The name and logo of the company are an allusion to the cathode ray tube, a display device used since the early days of electronic television.[citation needed]

The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and short original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS, BBC, VEVO and other organizations offer some of their material via the site, as part of the YouTube partnership program.[4]

Unregistered users can watch the videos, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos that are considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users 18 and older.

In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and now operates as a subsidiary of Google.Contents [hide]
1 Company history
2 Social impact
3 Criticism
3.1 Copyrighted material
3.2 Privacy
3.3 Controversial content
4 Blocking
5 Video technology
5.1 Playback
5.2 Uploading
5.3 Quality and codecs
5.4 3D videos
6 Content accessibility
6.1 Platforms
6.2 Captions
7 Localization
8 April Fools
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Bibliography
11 External links

Company history
Main article: History of YouTube

YouTube's current headquarters in San Bruno, California

YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal.[5] Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[6]

According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Chad Hurley and Steve Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Jawed Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, while Chad Hurley commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible."[7]

YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a US$11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006.[8] YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[9] The domain name www.youtube.com was activated on February 14, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months.[10] The first YouTube video was entitled Me at the zoo, and shows founder Jawed Karim at San Diego Zoo.[11] The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005, and can still be viewed on the site.[12]

YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005, six months before the official launch in November 2005. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.[13] According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43 percent and more than 14 billion videos viewed in May 2010.[14] YouTube says that 24 hours of new videos are uploaded to the site every minute, and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the United States.[15][16] It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000.[17] Alexa ranks YouTube as the third most visited website on the Internet, behind Google and Facebook.[18]

The choice of the name www.youtube.com led to problems for a similarly named website, www.utube.com. The owner of the site, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being overloaded on a regular basis by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www.utubeonline.com.[19][20] In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[21] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[22] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[23]

In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney.[24][25] In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.[26] In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service,[27] which is currently available only to users in the United States.[28][29]

In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event.[30]

On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter."[31] In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined."[32]
Social impact
Main article: Social impact of YouTube

Before the launch of YouTube in 2005, there were few easy methods available for ordinary computer users who wanted to post videos online. With its simple interface, YouTube made it possible for anyone with an Internet connection to post a video that a worldwide audience could watch within a few minutes. The wide range of topics covered by YouTube has turned video sharing into one of the most important parts of Internet culture.

An early example of the social impact of YouTube was the success of the Bus Uncle video in 2006. It shows a heated conversation between a youth and an older man on a bus in Hong Kong, and was discussed widely in the mainstream media.[33] Another YouTube video to receive extensive coverage is guitar,[34] which features a performance of Pachelbel's Canon on an electric guitar. The name of the performer is not given in the video, and after it received millions of views The New York Times revealed the identity of the guitarist as Jeong-Hyun Lim, a 23-year-old from South Korea who had recorded the track in his bedroom.[35]

YouTube was awarded a 2008 George Foster Peabody Award and cited for being "a 'Speakers' Corner' that both embodies and promotes democracy."[36][37] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Providing a safe home for piano-playing cats, celeb goof-ups, and overzealous lip-synchers since 2005."[38]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of YouTube
Copyrighted material

YouTube has been criticized for failing to ensure that uploaded videos comply with the law of copyright. At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a screen with the message "Do not upload any TV shows, music videos, music concerts or advertisements without permission, unless they consist entirely of content that you created yourself".[39] Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a takedown notice under the terms of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.[40][41][42] Viacom, demanding US$1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works". Since Viacom filed its lawsuit, YouTube has introduced a system called Video ID, which checks uploaded videos against a database of copyrighted content with the aim of reducing violations.[43][44] On June 23, 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with Judge Louis Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal against the ruling.[45]

In August 2008, a U.S. court ruled in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected fair use of the material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz from Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who had made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to Prince's song "Let's Go Crazy" and posted the 29-second video on YouTube.[46]
Privacy

In July 2008, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The move led to concerns that the viewing habits of individual users could be identified through a combination of their IP addresses and login names. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a set-back to privacy rights".[47] U.S. District Court Judge Louis Stanton dismissed the privacy concerns as "speculative", and ordered YouTube to hand over documents totalling around 12 terabytes of data. Judge Stanton rejected Viacom's request for YouTube to hand over the source code of its search engine system, saying that there was no evidence that YouTube treated videos infringing copyright differently.[48][49]
Controversial content

YouTube has also faced criticism over the offensive content in some of its videos. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography and material encouraging criminal conduct is prohibited by YouTube's terms of service.[50] Controversial areas for videos have included conspiracy theories, religion, Holocaust denial, and the Hillsborough Disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989.[51][52]

YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service.[50] However, this procedure has been criticized by the United Kingdom government: in July 2008 the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "Proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user generated content." YouTube responded by stating: "We have strict rules on what's allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 24/7 review team and have it dealt with promptly. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every YouTube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly."[53]
Blocking
Main article: Censorship of YouTube

Several countries have blocked access to YouTube:
The People's Republic of China[54][55] blocked YouTube to prevent dissemination of July 2009 Ürümqi riots video.
Morocco shut down access to YouTube in 2008.[56]
Thailand blocked YouTube between 2006 and 2007 due to offensive videos relating to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[57][58]
YouTube is currently blocked in Turkey after controversy over videos deemed insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[59][60] Despite the block, Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan admitted to journalists that he could access YouTube, since the site is still available in Turkey by using an open proxy.[61]
On December 3, 2006, Iran temporarily blocked access to YouTube, along with several other sites, after declaring them as violating social and moral codes of conduct. The YouTube block came after a video was posted online that appeared to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex.[62] The block was later lifted and then reinstated after Iran's 2009 presidential election.[63]
On February 23, 2008, Pakistan blocked YouTube because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the Danish cartoons of the prophet Muhammad.[64] This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. Pakistan lifted its block on February 26, 2008.[65] Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using virtual private network software.[66] In May 2010, following the Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".[67]
On January 24, 2010, Libya blocked access to YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi by families of detainees who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, and videos of family members of Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi at parties. The blocking was criticized by Human Rights Watch.[68]

Some schools have blocked access to YouTube, citing the inability to determine what sort of video material might be accessed by students.[69]
Video technology
Playback

Viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer requires the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser. The Adobe Flash Player plug-in is one of the most common pieces of software installed on personal computers and accounts for almost 75% of online video material.[70]

In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that uses the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allows videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed.[71][72] The YouTube site has a page that allows supported browsers to opt in to the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that support HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats can play the videos, and not all videos on the site are available.[73][74]
Uploading

Videos uploaded to YouTube by standard account holders are limited to 15 minutes in duration. When YouTube was launched in 2005 it was possible to upload longer videos, but a ten minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films.[75][76] The ten minute limit was increased to fifteen minutes in July 2010.[77] Partner accounts are permitted to upload longer videos, subject to acceptance by YouTube.[78] File size is limited to 2 GB for uploads from YouTube web page, and to 20 GB if Java-based Advanced Uploader is used.

YouTube accepts videos uploaded in most container formats, including .AVI, .MKV, .MOV, .MP4, DivX, .FLV, and .ogg and .ogv. These include video formats such as MPEG-4, MPEG, and .WMV. It also supports 3GP, allowing videos to be uploaded from legacy mobile phones.[79] Videos with progressive scanning or interlaced scanning can be uploaded, but for the best video quality, YouTube prefers interlaced videos to be deinterlaced prior to uploading. All the video formats on YouTube use progressive scanning.[80]
Quality and codecs

YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320x240 pixels using the H.263 Sorenson Spark codec, with mono MP3 audio.[81] In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones.[82] In March 2008, a high quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480x360 pixels[83] In November 2008 720p HD support was added.[84] With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video codec. In November 2008, the YouTube player was also changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4k format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096x3072 pixels.[85][86]

YouTube videos are available in a range of quality levels. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format, with stereo AAC audio.[87]

The player aspect ratio of all formats is 16:9, with the exception of format 17 which is 11:9. The maximum frame rate of all formats is 30 fps or variable, with the exception of format 17, which has a frame rate of 12 fps.
Comparison of YouTube media encoding optionsfmt value[1] 5 34 35 18 22 37 38 43 45 17
Default container FLV MP4 WebM[88] 3GP
Video Encoding H.263 MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) VP8 MPEG-4 Visual
Max width (pixels) 400 640 854 480 1280 1920 4096 854 1280 176
Max height (pixels) 240 360 480 360 720 1080 3072 480 720 144
Bitrate[2] (Mbit/s) 0.25 0.5 0.8 - 1 0.5 2 3.5 - 5 - - - -
Audio Encoding MP3 AAC Vorbis AAC
Channels 1 - 2 2 (stereo)
Sampling rate (Hz) 22050 44100 48000 44100
Bitrate, Kbit/s[2] - - - - - - - 96 128 -


^ 1 fmt is an undocumented URL parameter that allows selecting YouTube quality mode without using player user interface.
^ 2 Approximate values based on statistical data; actual bitrate can be higher or lower due to variable encoding rate.[89][90][91][92]
^ 3 Videos with frame rate higher than 30 frames/s are streamed by YouTube with variable frame rate.
3D videos

In a video posted on July 21, 2009,[93] YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect.[94][95][96]
Content accessibility

One of the key features of YouTube is the ability of users to view its videos on web pages outside the site. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML, which can be used to embed it on a page outside the YouTube website. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs.[97] Embedding, as well as ranking and commenting, can be disabled by the video owner.

YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends that they are viewed through its website interface.[98] A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files.[99] Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos.[100] In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout.[101]
Platforms

Some smart phones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, dependent on the provider and the data plan. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, and uses RTSP streaming for the video.[102] Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site.[103]

Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone.[104] A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos.[105] In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles.[106][107] In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen.[108]
Captions

In March 2010, YouTube announced that it was introducing automatic captioning for videos, in order to make the site more accessible for the deaf and hearing impaired. The technology is based on Google Voice Search, and at present is confined to a beta test for English language videos.[109]
Localization

On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric E. Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system.[110] The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 24 countries and a worldwide version.[111][112] San Francisco Bay Area portal
Companies portal
Internet portal
Country Language Launch date
Argentina Spanish September 8, 2010[111]
Australia English (Australia) October 22, 2007[113]
Brazil Portuguese (Brazil) June 19, 2007[110]
Canada English (Canada) and French (Canada) November 6, 2007[114]
Czech Republic Czech October 9, 2008[115]
France French June 19, 2007[110]
Germany German November 8, 2007[116]
Hong Kong English and Chinese (Traditional) October 17, 2007[117]
Israel Hebrew September 16, 2008
India English (India) and Hindi May 7, 2008[118]
Ireland English (Ireland) June 19, 2007[110]
Italy Italian June 19, 2007[110]
Japan Japanese June 19, 2007[110]
Korea Korean January 23, 2008
Mexico Spanish (Mexico) October 11, 2007[119]
Netherlands Dutch June 19, 2007[110]
New Zealand English (New Zealand) October 22, 2007[113]
Poland Polish June 19, 2007[110]
Russia Russian November 13, 2007
Spain Spanish June 19, 2007[110]
South Africa English (South African) May 17, 2010[110]
Sweden Swedish October 22, 2008
Taiwan Chinese (Traditional) October 18, 2007[117]
United Kingdom English (United Kingdom) June 19, 2007[110]


The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message "This video is not available in your country" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content.[120]

The interface of the YouTube website is available in 29 different languages, including Danish, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian and Norwegian, which do not have local channel versions.[2]

Plans for YouTube to create a local version in Turkey have run into problems, since the Turkish authorities asked YouTube to set up an office in Turkey, which would be subject to Turkish law. YouTube says that it has no intention of doing this, and that its videos are not subject to Turkish law. Turkish authorities have expressed concerns that YouTube has been used to post videos insulting to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and some material offensive to Muslims.[121][122]

In March 2009, a dispute between YouTube and the British royalty collection agency PRS for Music led to premium music videos being blocked for YouTube users in the United Kingdom. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2009.[123] In April 2009, a similar dispute led to the removal of premium music videos for users in Germany.[124]
April Fools

YouTube has featured April Fools on the site every year since 2008:
April 1, 2008: All the links to the videos on the main page were redirected to Rick Astley's music video "Never Gonna Give You Up", a prank known as "Rickrolling".[125][126]
April 1, 2009: When clicking on a video on the main page, the whole page turned upside down. YouTube claimed that this was a new layout.[127]
April 1, 2010: YouTube temporarily released a "TEXTp" mode, which translated the colors in the videos to random upper case letters. YouTube claimed in a message that this was done in order to reduce bandwidth costs by $1 per second.[128]
See also
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YouTube Live
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Lacy, Sarah (2008). The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0. Richmond: Crimson. ISBN 9781854584533

Wikipedia - Bill Gates

Pro Tv - Love Machine - Kamasutra: pozitia zilei - Inapoi, acasa!

Unele pozitii, cum este si aceea de astazi, nu te duc doar pe culmile extazului, ci au si o actiune benefica pentru sanatatea ta, usurand functiunile unor organe, altele decat cele sexuale.

Aceasta pozitie poate fi comoda daca femeia culcata pe spate isi pune o perna sub partea inferioara a spatelui, ceea ce-i permite sa execute mai usor miscarile ondulatorii din zona pelvisului. Pe de alta parte, in aceasta pozitie, miscarile femeii mai au o calitate - sunt benefice pentru sistemul digestiv. Nimic erotic, nimic romantic in aceasta precizare, nu-i asa!?!

Da frau liber imaginatiei si incearca sa raspunzi la intrebarea: De ce se numeste pozitia aceasta Inapoi, acasa?

Important! Maine, o noua pozitie Kamasutra: Arata-i cat esti de flexibila!

Andtena 1 - Romania, a doua tara din UE la capitolul saracie

Romania este a doua tara din Uniunea Europeana, dupa Letonia, cu cei mai multi saraci, 23% din populatie. Sunt date oficiale ale Eurostat. Si bulgarii stau mai bine decat noi, cu un procent de 21%. Saracul roman castiga 273 euro brut, bani cu care este greu sa traiasca de la o luna la alta.


Romanii, despre care se spune ca traiesc decent, o duc mult mai rau decat cel mai prost platit luxemburghez. In timp ce salariul minim in Luxemburg este de aproape 1.650 de euro, in Romania abia daca ajunge la 140 de euro, iar salariul mediu brut nu sare de 460 de euro.

Un raport intre salariile minime dintre aceste tari arata ca 11,7 romani, platiti cu venitul minim, sunt echivalentul unui singur luxemburghez. In fruntea clasamentului se mai afla tari precum Irlanda, cu un salariu minim de 1.460 de euro, Franta, cu 1.335 de euro si Spania, cu un salariu minim brut de 728 de euro.

Mai saraci decat romanii sunt doar bulgarii si albanezii!

Din asa salarii, romanii nu au cum sa se bucure nici de pensii mai mari. In Romania pensia minima este de 80 de euro. In comparatie cu alte state din Uniunea Europeana sumele vehiculate pentru tara noastra, sunt de-a dreptul rusinoase. In Luxemburg spre exemplu, pensia minima este de 1.500 de euro.

Romania bate totusi un record: aici locuieste magistratul cu cea mai mare pensie din spatiul european, cu 8.600 de euro pe luna.

Salariul minim brut:

Luxemburg - 1.641, 74 euro
Irlanda - 1.462 euro
Franta - 1.337,70 euro
Spania - 728 euro
Grecia - 728 euro
Polonia - 268,93 euro
Ungaria - 268,88 euro
Romania - 139,86 euro
Bulgaria - 122,72 euro
Albania - 130,32 euro

Bianca dragusan - Poze nud

Stiri de ultima ora

s-a deschis blogu` lu rala..

plm